Saturday, January 4, 2025

CES 2025 Preview: Needleless Injections, E-Skis, and More




This weekend, I’m on my way to Las Vegas to cover this year’s Consumer Electronics Show. I’ve scoured the CES schedule and lists of exhibitors in preparation for the event, where I hope to find fascinating new tech. After all, some prep is required given the size of the show: CES span 12 venues and more than 2.5 million square feet of exhibit space—a good opportunity to test out devices that will be on display, like these shoe attachments that track muscle load for athletes (and journalists running between demos), or an exoskeleton to help out on hikes through the Mojave Desert.

Of course, AI will continue to show up in every device you might imagine it to, and many you wouldn’t. This year, there will be AI-enabled vehicle sensors and PCs, as well as spice dispensers, litter boxes, and trash cans. With AI systems for baby care and better aging, the applications practically range from cradle to grave.

I’m also looking forward to discovering technology that could change the way we interact with our devices, such as new displays in our personal vehicles and smart eyewear to compete with Ray-Ban Meta glasses.

Hidden among the big names showcasing their latest tech, startups and smaller companies will be exhibiting products that could become the next big thing, and the innovative engineering behind them. Here are a few of the gadgets and gizmos I’m planning to see in person this week.

Needle-Free Injections

Imagine a world in which you could get a flu shot—or any injection—without getting jabbed by a needle. That’s what Dutch company FlowBeams aims to create with its device, which injects a thin jet of liquid directly into the skin. With a radius of 25 micrometers, the jet measures about one-tenth the size of a 25-gauge needle often used for vaccines. Personally, I’ve dealt with my fair share of needles from living with type 1 diabetes for nearly two decades, so this definitely caught my eye. Delivering insulin is, in fact, one of the medical applications the FlowBeams team imagines the tech could eventually be used for. But healthcare isn’t the only potential use. It could also become a new, supposedly painless way to get cosmetic fillers or a tattoo.

Electric Skis to Help With Hills

Skiing may initially seem like the recreational activity least in need of a motorized boost—gravity is pretty reliable on its own. But if you, like me, actually prefer cross country skiing, it’s an intriguing idea. Now being brought to life by a Swiss startup, E-Skimo was created for ski mountaineering (A.K.A. “skimo”), a type of backcountry skiing that involves climbing up a mountain to then speed back down. The battery-powered, detachable device uses a belt of rubber tread to help skiers get to higher peaks in less time. Unfortunately, Vegas will be a bit too balmy for live demos.

A Fitbit for Fido—and for Bessie

Nearly any accessory you own today—watches, rings, jewelry, or glasses—can be replaced by a wearable tech alternative. But what about your dog? Now, we can extend our obsession with health metrics to our pets with the next generation of smart collars from companies like Queva, which is debuting a collar that grades your dog’s health on a 100-point scale. While activity-tracking collars have been on the market for several years, these and other devices, like smart pet flaps, are making our pets more high-tech than ever.

And the same is true for livestock: The first wearable device for tracking a cow’s vitals will also be at CES this year. While not exactly a consumer device, it’s a fascinating find nonetheless.

Real-Time Translation

Douglas Adams fans, rejoice: Inspired by the Babel fish from The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, Timekettle’s earbuds make (nearly) real-time translation possible. The company’s latest version operates with a new, proprietary operating system to offer two-way translation during phone or video calls on any platform. The US $449 open-ear buds translate between more than 40 languages and 93 accents, albeit with a 3 to 5 second delay.

“Hormometer” to Subdue Stress

Ironically, everybody seems stressed out about cortisol, the hormone that regulates your body’s stress response. To make hormone testing more accessible, Eli Health has created a device, dubbed the “Hormometer,” which detects either cortisol or progesterone levels from a quick saliva sample. After 20 minutes, the user scans the tester with a smartphone camera and gets results. At about $8 per test, each one is much less expensive than other at-home or lab tests. However, the company functions as a subscription service, starting at about $65 per month with a 12-month commitment.

AR Binoculars to Seamlessly ID the Natural World

I have a confession to make: For someone who once considered a career in astronomy, I can identify embarrassingly few constellations. Alas, after Orion and the Big Dipper, I have trouble finding many of these patterns in the night sky. Stargazing apps help, but looking back and forth between a screen and the sky tends to ruin the moment. Unistellar’s Envision smart binoculars, however, use augmented reality to map the stars, tag comets, and label nebulae directly in your line of sight. During the day, they can identify hiking trails or tell you the altitude of a summit on the horizon. When it comes to identifying the best technology on the horizon, though, leave that job to IEEE Spectrum.

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Friday, January 3, 2025

IEEE Young Professionals Talked Sustainability Tech at Climate Week NYC




The IEEE Young Professionals Climate and Sustainability Task Force focuses on empowering emerging leaders to contribute to sustainable technology and climate action, fostering engagement and leading initiatives that address climate change–related challenges and potential solutions. Since its launch in 2023, the CSTF has been engaging them in the conversation of how to get involved in the climate and sustainability sectors.

The group held a panel session during last year’s Climate Week NYC, which ran from 22 to 29 September to coincide with the U.N. Summit of the Future. Climate Week NYC is the largest annual climate event, featuring more than 600 activities throughout New York City. It brings together leaders from the business sector, government, and private organizations to promote climate action and innovation, highlighting the urgent need for transformative change.

The U.N. summit, held on 22 and 23 September, aimed to improve global governance and establish a “pact for the future” focusing on the climate crisis and sustainable development.

The IEEE panel brought together climate-change experts from organizations and government agencies worldwide—including IEEE, the Global Renewables Alliance, and the SDG7 Youth Constituency—to highlight the intersection of technology, policy, and citizen engagement.

Participants from 30 countries attended the panel session.

The event underscored IEEE’s commitment to fostering technological solutions for climate challenges while emphasizing the crucial role of young professionals in driving innovation and change. As the world moves toward critical climate deadlines, the dialogue demonstrated that success is likely to require a combination of technical expertise, policy understanding, and inclusive participation from all stakeholders.

The panel was moderated by IEEE Member Sajith Wijesuriya, chair of the task force, and IEEE Senior Member Sukanya S. Meher, the group’s communications lead and one of the authors of this article.

The moderators guided the discussion through key topics such as organizational collaboration, youth engagement, skill development, and technological advancements.

The panel also highlighted why effective climate solutions must combine technical innovation with inclusive policymaking, ensuring the transition to a sustainable future leaves no community behind.

Engaging youth in mitigating climate change

The panel featured young professionals who emphasized the importance of engaging the next generation of engineers, climate advocates, and students in the climate-action movement.

“Young people, especially women living in [rural] coastal communities, are at the front lines of the climate crisis,” said Grace Young, the strategy and events manager at nonprofit Student Energy, based in Vancouver. Women and girls are disproportionately impacted by climate change because “they make up the majority of the world’s poor, who are highly dependent on local natural resources for their livelihood,” according to the United Nations. Women and girls are often responsible for securing food, water, and firewood for their families, the U.N. says, and during times of drought and erratic rainfall, it takes more time and work to secure income and resources.

That can expose women and girls to increased risks of gender-based violence, as climate change exacerbates existing conflicts, inequalities, and vulnerabilities, according to the organization.

Climate advocates, policymakers, and stakeholders “must ensure that they [women] have a seat at the table,” Young said.

One way to do that is to implement energy education programs in preuniversity schools.

“Young people must be heard and actively involved in shaping solutions,” said Manar Elkebir, founder of EcoWave, a Tunisian youth-led organization that focuses on mobilizing young people around environmental issues.

During the panel session, Elkebir shared her experience collaborating with IRENA—a global intergovernmental group—and the Italian government to implement energy education programs in Tunisian schools. She also highlighted the importance of creating inclusive, nonintimidating spaces for students to engage in discussions about the transition to cleaner energy and other climate-related initiatives.

Young professionals “are not just the leaders of tomorrow; we are the changemakers of today,” she said.

Another group that is increasing its focus on youth engagement and empowerment is the World Meteorological Organization, headquartered in Geneva. The WMO’s Youth Climate Action initiative, for example, lets young people participate in policymaking and educational programs to deepen their understanding of climate science and advocacy.

Such initiatives recognize that the next generation of leaders, scientists, and innovators will be generating transformative changes, and they need to be equipped with knowledge and tools, said panelist Ko Barret, WMO deputy secretary general.

Other discussions focused on the importance of engaging young professionals in the development and implementation of climate change technology. There are an abundance of career opportunities in the field, particularly in climate data analytics, said Bala Prasanna, IEEE Region 1 director.

“Both leadership skills and multidisciplinary learning are needed to stay relevant in the evolving climate and sustainability sectors,” Prasanna said.

Although “climate change represents humanity’s greatest threat,” said Saifur Rahman, 2023 IEEE president, technology-driven solutions were notably underrepresented at climate conferences such as COP27. Rahman urged young engineers to take ownership of the problem, and he directed them to resources such as IEEE’s climate change website, which offers information on practical solutions.

“Technology practitioners will be at the forefront of developing public-private partnerships that integrate cutting-edge technologies with national energy strategies,” said A. Anastasia Kefalidou, acting chief of the IRENA office in New York. “The IRENA NewGen Renewable Energy Accelerator plays a key role in nurturing a new generation of technology practitioners, who can lead innovation and digital transformation in the energy sector.”

The accelerator program provides budding entrepreneurs ages 18 to 35 with mentors and resources to scale projects focused on energy technologies and climate adaptation.

“The dialogue hosted by IEEE Young Professionals during this incredible Climate Week event is helping to bridge the gap between emerging innovators and institutional efforts,” Young added, “providing a platform for fresh perspectives on renewable energy and climate solutions.”

Focus on global partnerships

Fostering global partnerships was on the panelists’ minds.

Collaboration among governments, private companies, and international organizations could accelerate clean energy transitions, particularly in emerging economies, said Ana Rovzar, director of policy and public affairs at the Global Renewables Alliance in Brussels. She highlighted the need for tailored approaches to address regional challenges in climate resilience and energy access.

Environmental journalist Ciara Kavanagh shared how she has been inspired by genuine intersectoral discussions among technical experts, policymakers, communicators, and leaders. The communications specialist at the U.N. Environment Programme in New York discussed how hearing from technical experts can help communicators like her understand renewable technologies.

“If the myriad marvelous ideas coming out of the lab aren’t communicated widely and effectively, we all risk falling short of real impact,” Kavanagh said. She called on fellow young professionals to work together to show the world what a cleaner, greener future powered by renewable energy could look like, and to “ensure the power to build that future is in the hands and homes of those who need it, regardless of where they live.”

At COP28, COP29, and G20, the United Nations outlined ambitious global goals in what is known as the UAE Consensus. One of the goals is tripling renewable energy capacity and doubling energy efficiency by 2030. Kefalidou highlighted IRENA’s commitment to tracking the targets by analyzing global technology trends while emphasizing the development of next-generation solutions, including advanced solar PV systems, offshore wind farms, and smart-grid technologies.

IRENA’s tracking shows that despite rapid growth in renewable energy, the UAE Consensus’s current plans are projected to achieve only 50 percent of the target capacity by the deadline.

IRENA regularly publishes detailed progress reports including renewable capacity statistics and the World Energy Transitions Outlook.

Not even 20 percent of the U.N.’s Sustainable Development Goals are on track to reach their targets, and more than 40 percent of governments and companies lack net-zero targets, said Shreenithi Lakshmi Narasimhan. In a call to action, the CSTF member and vice chair of the New York IEEE local group emphasized the need for accelerated climate action.

“The tools young professionals need to succeed are already in our hands,” Narasimhan said. “Now we must invest strategically, overcome geopolitical barriers, and drive toward real solutions. The stakes couldn’t be higher.”

Josh Oxby, energy advisor for the U.K.’s Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, emphasized the importance of empowering young changemakers and forming collaborations among private, public, and third-sector organizations to develop a workforce to assist with energy transition. Third-sector organizations include charities, community groups, and cooperative societies.

“Climate Week NYC has highlighted the importance of taking a step back to evaluate the conventional scrutiny of—and engagement with—policy and governance processes,” Oxby said. “Young professionals are the changemakers of today. Their way of forward thinking and reapproaching frameworks for the inclusivity of future generations is a testament to their dynamic and reflective mindset.”

Tech-driven strategies to address the climate crisis

CSTF member Chinmay Tompe highlighted the potential of breakthrough technologies such as quantum computing and simulation in addressing climate change and driving the energy transition.

“Although we have yet to achieve practical quantum utility, recent advancements in the field offer promising opportunities,” Tompe said. “Simulating natural processes, like molecular and particle fluid dynamics, can be achieved using quantum systems. These technologies could pave the way for cleaner energy solutions, including optimized reactor designs, enhanced energy storage systems, and more efficient energy distribution networks. However, realizing this potential requires proactive efforts from policymakers to support innovation and implementation.”

Nuclear energy emerged as a crucial component of the clean energy discussion. Dinara Ermakova advocated for the role nuclear technology can play in achieving net-zero emissions goals, particularly via small modular reactors. Ermakova is an innovation chair for the International Youth Nuclear Congress in Berkeley, Calif. IYNC is a nonprofit that connects students and young professionals worldwide involved in nuclear science and technology.

Marisa Zalabak, founder and CEO of Open Channel Culture, highlighted the ethical dilemmas of technological solutions, specifically those regarding artificial intelligence.

“AI is not a magic bullet,” Zalabak cautioned, “but when governed ethically and responsibly, it can become a powerful tool for driving climate solutions while safeguarding human rights and planetary health.”

She emphasized the importance of regenerative design systems and transdisciplinary collaboration in creating sustainable solutions: “This event reinforced the importance of human collaboration across sectors and the power of youth-driven innovation in accelerating climate action dedicated to human and environmental flourishing for current and future generations.”

Implications of climate tech and policy

IEEE CSTF showed its commitment to sustainability throughout the event. Panelists were presented with customized block-printed shawls made with repurposed fabric. The initiative was led by CSTF member Kalyani Matey and sourced from Divyang Creations, a social enterprise in Latur, India, employing people with disabilities. Leftover refreshments were donated to New York City food banks.

After the panel session concluded, Rahman said participating in it was fulfilling. He commended the young professionals for their “enthusiasm and commitment to help develop a road map to implement some of the SDG goals.”

The outcomes of the discussions were presented at the U.N. Climate Change Conference, which was held in Baku, Azerbaijan, from 11 to 22 November.

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Video Friday: Sleepy Robot Baby




Video Friday is your weekly selection of awesome robotics videos, collected by your friends at IEEE Spectrum robotics. We also post a weekly calendar of upcoming robotics events for the next few months. Please send us your events for inclusion.

RoboCup German Open: 12–16 March 2025, NUREMBERG, GERMANY
German Robotics Conference: 13–15 March 2025, NUREMBERG, GERMANY
ICUAS 2025: 14–17 May 2025, CHARLOTTE, NC
ICRA 2025: 19–23 May 2025, ATLANTA, GA
IEEE RCAR 2025: 1–6 June 2025, TOYAMA, JAPAN
RSS 2025: 21–25 June 2025, LOS ANGELES
IAS 2025: 30 June–4 July 2025, GENOA, ITALY
ICRES 2025: 3–4 July 2025, PORTO, PORTUGAL
IEEE World Haptics: 8–11 July 2025, SUWON, KOREA
IFAC Symposium on Robotics: 15–18 July 2025, PARIS
RoboCup 2025: 15–21 July 2025, BAHIA, BRAZIL

Enjoy today’s videos!

It’s me. But we can all relate to this child android robot struggling to stay awake.

[ Osaka University ]

For 2025, the RoboCup SPL plans an interesting new technical challenge: Kicking a rolling ball! The velocity and start position of the ball can vary and the goal is to kick the ball straight and far. In this video, we show our results from our first testing session.

[ Team B-Human ]

When you think of a prosthetic hand you probably think of something similar to Luke Skywalker’s robotic hand from Star Wars, or even Furiosa’s multi-fingered claw from Mad Max. The reality is a far cry from these fictional hands: upper limb prostheses are generally very limited in what they can do, and how we can control them to do it. In this project, we investigate non-humanoid prosthetic hand design, exploring a new ideology for the design of upper limb prostheses that encourages alternative approaches to prosthetic hands. In this wider, more open design space, can we surpass humanoid prosthetic hands?

[ Imperial College London ]

Thanks, Digby!

A novel three-dimensional (3D) Minimally Actuated Serial Robot (MASR), actuated by a robotic motor. The robotic motor is composed of a mobility motor (to advance along the links) and an actuation motor [to] move the joints.

[ Zarrouk Lab ]

This year, Franka Robotics team hit the road, the skies and the digital space to share ideas, showcase our cutting-edge technology, and connect with the brightest minds in robotics across the globe. Here is 2024 video recap, capturing the events and collaborations that made this year unforgettable!

[ Franka Robotics ]

Aldebaran has sold an astonishing number of robots this year.

[ Aldebaran ]

The advancement of modern robotics starts at its foundation: the gearboxes. Ailos aims to define how these industries operate with increased precision, efficiency and versatility. By innovating gearbox technology across diverse fields, Ailos is catalyzing the transition towards the next wave of automation, productivity and agility.

[ Ailos Robotics ]

Many existing obstacle avoidance algorithms overlook the crucial balance between safety and agility, especially in environments of varying complexity. In our study, we introduce an obstacle avoidance pipeline based on reinforcement learning. This pipeline enables drones to adapt their flying speed according to the environmental complexity. After minimal fine-tuning, we successfully deployed our network on a real drone for enhanced obstacle avoidance.

[ MAVRL via Github ]

Robot-assisted feeding promises to empower people with motor impairments to feed themselves. However, research often focuses on specific system subcomponents and thus evaluates them in controlled settings. This leaves a gap in developing and evaluating an end-to-end system that feeds users entire meals in out-of-lab settings. We present such a system, collaboratively developed with community researchers.

[ Personal Robotics Lab ]

A drone’s eye-view reminder that fireworks explode in 3D.

[ Team BlackSheep ]

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This Year, RISC-V Laptops Really Arrive




Buried in the inner workings of your laptop is a secret blueprint, dictating the set of instructions the computer can execute and serving as the interface between hardware and software. The instructions are immutable and hidden behind proprietary technology. But starting in 2025, you could buy a new and improved laptop whose secrets are known to all. That laptop will be fully customizable, with both hardware and software you’ll be able to be modified to fit your needs.

This article is part of our special report Top Tech 2025.

RISC-V is an open-source instruction set architecture (ISA) poised to make personal computing more, well, personal. Though RISC-V is still early in its life cycle, it’s now possible to buy fully functional computers with this technology inside—a key step toward providing a viable alternative to x86 and Arm in mainstream consumer electronics.

“If we look at a couple of generations down the [software] stack, we’re starting to see a line of sight to consumer-ready RISC-V in something like a laptop, or even a phone,” said Nirav Patel, CEO of laptop maker Framework.

Patel’s company plans to release a laptop that can support a RISC-V mainboard in 2025. Though still intended for early adopters and developers, it will be the most accessible and polished RISC-V laptop yet, and it will ship to users with the same look and feel as the Framework laptops that use x86 chips.

RISC-V Is Coming to a Laptop Near You

An ISA is a rulebook that defines the set of valid instructions programs can execute on a processor. Like other ISAs, RISC-V includes dozens of instructions, such as loading data into memory or floating-point arithmetic operations. But RISC-V is open source, which sets it apart from closed ISAs like x86 and Arm. It means anyone can use RISC-V without a license fee. It also makes RISC-V hardware easy to customize, because there are no license restrictions on what can or can’t be modified.

Researchers at University of California, Berkeley’s Parallel Computing Laboratory began developing the RISC-V ISA in 2010 based on established reduced instruction set computer (RISC) principles, and it’s already in use by companies looking to design inexpensive, specialized chips: Alibaba put RISC-V to work in a chip development platform for edge computing, and Western Digital used RISC-V for storage controllers.

Now, a small group of companies and enthusiasts are laying the groundwork for bringing RISC-V to mainstream consumer devices. Among these pioneers is software engineer Yuning Liang, who found himself drawn to the idea while sidelined by COVID lockdowns in Shenzhen, China.

Unable to continue previous work, “I had to ask, what can I do here?” says Liang. “Mark Himelstein, the former CTO of RISC-V [International], mentioned we should do a laptop on a 12-nanometer RISC-V test chip.” Because the 12-nm node is an older production process than CPUs use today, each chip costs less.

Open gray laptop with blue and red wallpaper and DeepComputing logo displayed on top right corner of the screen. DeepComputing released the first RISC-V laptop, Roma, in 2023, followed by the DC-Roma II a year later.DeepComputing

The project had a slow start amid COVID-related supply-chain issues but eventually led to the 2023 release of the world’s first RISC-V laptop, the Roma, by DeepComputing—a Hong Kong–based company Liang founded the prior year. It was followed in 2024 by the DC-Roma II, which shipped with the open-source Ubuntu operating system preinstalled, making it capable of basic computing tasks straight out of the box.

DeepComputing is now working in partnership with Framework, a laptop maker founded in 2019 with the mission to “fix consumer electronics,” as it’s put on the company’s website. Framework sells modular, user-repairable laptops that owners can keep indefinitely, upgrading parts (including those that can’t usually be replaced, like the mainboard and display) over time.

“The Framework laptop mainboard is a place for board developers to come in and create their own,” says Patel. The company hopes its laptops can accelerate the adoption of open-source hardware by offering a platform where board makers can “deliver system-level solutions,” Patel adds, without the need to design their own laptop in-house.

Closing the Price and Performance Gap

The DeepComputing DC-Roma II laptop marked a major milestone for open source computing, and not just because it shipped with Ubuntu installed. It was the first RISC-V laptop to receive widespread media coverage, especially on YouTube, where video reviews of the DC-Roma II (as well as other RISC-V single-board computers, such as the Milk-V Pioneer and Lichee Pi 4A) collectively received more than a million views.

Even so, Liang was quick to acknowledge a flaw found by many online reviewers: The RISC-V chip in the DC-Roma II performs well behind x86 and Arm-powered alternatives. DeepComputing wants to tackle that in 2025 with the DC-Roma III, according to Liang.

In the coming year, “performance will be much better. It’ll still be on 12-nanometer [processors], but we’re going to upgrade the CPU’s performance to be more like an Arm Cortex-A76,” says Liang. The Cortex-A76 is a key architecture to benchmark RISC-V against, as it’s used by chips in high-volume single-board computers like the Raspberry Pi 5.

Liang isn’t alone in his dream of high-performance RISC-V chips. Ventana, founded in 2018, is designing high-performance data-center chips that rely on the open-source ISA.

Balaji Baktha, Ventana’s founder and CEO, is adamant that RISC-V chips will go toe-to-toe with x86 and Arm across a variety of products. “There’s nothing that is ISA specific that determines if you can make something high performance, or not,” he says. “It’s the implementation of the microarchitecture that matters.”

DeepComputing also wants to make RISC-V appealing with lower prices. At about US $600, the DC-Roma II isn’t much more expensive than a midrange Windows laptop like an Acer Aspire or Dell Inspiron, but online reviews note its performance is more in line with that of budget laptops that sell for much less. Liang says that’s due to the laptop’s low production volume: The DC-Roma II was produced in “the low tens of thousands,” according to Liang. DeepComputing hopes to increase production to 100,000 units for the DC-Roma III, he adds.

If that pans out, it should make all DeepComputing laptops more competitive with those using x86 and Arm. That’s important to Liang, who sees affordability as synonymous with openness; both lower the barriers for newcomers.

“If we can open up even the chip design, then one day, even students at schools and universities can come into class and design their own chips, with open tools,” says Liang. “With openness, you can choose to build things yourself from zero.”

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Time to check if you ran any of these 33 malicious Chrome extensions


As many of us celebrated the year-end holidays, a small group of researchers worked overtime tracking a startling discovery: At least 33 browser extensions hosted in Google’s Chrome Web Store, some for as long as 18 months, were surreptitiously siphoning sensitive data from roughly 2.6 million devices.

The compromises came to light with the discovery by data loss prevention service Cyberhaven that a Chrome extension used by 400,000 of its customers had been updated with code that stole their sensitive data.

‘Twas the night before Christmas

The malicious extension, available as version 24.10.4, was available for 31 hours, starting on December 25 at 1:32 AM UTC to Dec 26 at 2:50 AM UTC. Chrome browsers actively running the Cyberhaven during that window would automatically download and install the malicious code. Cyberhaven responded by issuing version 24.10.5, and a few days later 24.10.6.

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Thursday, January 2, 2025

Reversible Computing Escapes the Lab in 2025




Michael Frank has spent his career as an academic researcher working over three decades in a very peculiar niche of computer engineering. According to Frank, that peculiar niche’s time has finally come. “I decided earlier this year that it was the right time to try to commercialize this stuff,” Frank says. In July 2024, he left his position as a senior engineering scientist at Sandia National Laboratories to join a startup, U.S. and U.K.-based Vaire Computing.

Frank argues that it’s the right time to bring his life’s work—called reversible computing—out of academia and into the real world because the computing industry is running out of energy. “We keep getting closer and closer to the end of scaling energy efficiency in conventional chips,” Frank says. According to an IEEE semiconducting industry road map report Frank helped edit, by late in this decade the fundamental energy efficiency of conventional digital logic is going to plateau, and “it’s going to require more unconventional approaches like what we’re pursuing,” he says.

This article is part of our special report Top Tech 2025.

As Moore’s Law stumbles and its energy-themed cousin Koomey’s Law slows, a new paradigm might be necessary to meet the increasing computing demands of today’s world. According to Frank’s research at Sandia, in Albuquerque, reversible computing may offer up to a 4,000x energy-efficiency gain compared to traditional approaches.

“Moore’s Law has kind of collapsed, or it’s really slowed down,” says Erik DeBenedictis, founder of Zettaflops, who isn’t affiliated with Vaire. “Reversible computing is one of just a small number of options for reinvigorating Moore’s Law, or getting some additional improvements in energy efficiency.”

Vaire’s first prototype, expected to be fabricated in the first quarter of 2025, is less ambitious—it is producing a chip that, for the first time, recovers energy used in an arithmetic circuit. The next chip, projected to hit the market in 2027, will be an energy-saving processor specialized for AI inference. The 4,000x energy-efficiency improvement is on Vaire’s road map but probably 10 or 15 years out.

“I feel that the technology has promise,” says Himanshu Thapliyal, associate professor of electrical engineering and computer science at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, who isn’t affiliated with Vaire. “But there are some challenges also, and hopefully, Vaire Computing will be able to overcome some of the challenges.”

What Is Reversible Computing?

Intuitively, information may seem like an ephemeral, abstract concept. But in 1961, Rolf Landauer at IBM discovered a surprising fact: Erasing a bit of information in a computer necessarily costs energy, which is lost as heat. It occurred to Landauer that if you were to do computation without erasing any information, or “reversibly,” you could, at least theoretically, compute without using any energy at all.

Landauer himself considered the idea impractical. If you were to store every input and intermediate computation result, you would quickly fill up memory with unnecessary data. But Landauer’s successor, IBM’s Charles Bennett, discovered a workaround for this issue. Instead of just storing intermediate results in memory, you could reverse the computation, or “decompute,” once that result was no longer needed. This way, only the original inputs and final result need to be stored.

Take a simple example, such as the exclusive-OR, or XOR gate. Normally, the gate is not reversible—there are two inputs and only one output, and knowing the output doesn’t give you complete information about what the inputs were. The same computation can be done reversibly by adding an extra output, a copy of one of the original inputs. Then, using the two outputs, the original inputs can be recovered in a decomputation step.

An image with a series of letters and numbers. A traditional exclusive-OR (XOR) gate is not reversible—you cannot recover the inputs just by knowing the output. Adding an extra output, just a copy of one of the inputs, makes it reversible. Then, the two outputs can be used to “decompute” the XOR gate and recover the inputs, and with it, the energy used in computation.


The idea kept gaining academic traction, and in the 1990s, several students working under MIT’s Thomas Knight embarked on a series of proof-of-principle demonstrations of reversible computing chips. One of these students was Frank. While these demonstrations showed that reversible computation was possible, the wall-plug power usage was not necessarily reduced: Although power was recovered within the circuit itself, it was subsequently lost within the external power supply. That’s the problem that Vaire set out to solve.

Computing Reversibly in CMOS

Landauer’s limit gives a theoretical minimum for how much energy information erasure costs, but there is no maximum. Today’s CMOS implementations use more than a thousand times as much energy to erase a bit than is theoretically possible. That’s mostly because transistors need to maintain high signal energies for reliability, and under normal operation that all gets dissipated as heat.

To avoid this problem, many alternative physical implementations of reversible circuits have been considered, including superconducting computers, molecular machines, and even living cells. However, to make reversible computing practical, Vaire’s team is sticking with conventional CMOS techniques. “Reversible computing is disrupting enough as it is,” says Vaire chief technology officer and cofounder Hannah Earley. “We don’t want to disrupt everything else at the same time.”

To make CMOS play nicely with reversibility, researchers had to come up with clever ways to to recover and recycle this signal energy. “It’s kind of not immediately clear how you make CMOS operate reversibly,” Earley says.

The main way to reduce unnecessary heat generation in transistor use—to operate them adiabatically—is to ramp the control voltage slowly instead of jumping it up or down abruptly. This can be done without adding extra compute time, Earley argues, because currently transistor switching times are kept comparatively slow to avoid generating too much heat. So, you could keep the switching time the same and just change the waveform that does the switching, saving energy. However, adiabatic switching does require something to generate the more complex ramping waveforms.

It still takes energy to flip a bit from 0 to 1, changing the gate voltage on a transistor from its low to high state. The trick is that, as long as you don’t convert energy to heat but store most of it in the transistor itself, you can recover most of that energy during the decomputation step, where any no-longer-needed computation is reversed. The way to recover that energy, Earley explains, is by embedding the whole circuit into a resonator.

A resonator is kind of like a swinging pendulum. If there were no friction from the pendulum’s hinge or the surrounding air, the pendulum would swing forever, going up to the same height with each swing. Here, the swing of the pendulum is a rise and fall in voltage powering the circuit. On each upswing, one computational step is performed. On each downswing, a decomputation is performed, recovering the energy.

In every real implementation, some amount of energy is still lost with each swing, so the pendulum requires some power to keep it going. But Vaire’s approach paves the way to minimizing that friction. Embedding the circuit in a resonator simultaneously creates the more complex waveforms needed for adiabatic transistor switching and provides the mechanism for recovering the saved energy.

The Long Road to Commercial Viability

Although the idea of embedding reversible logic inside a resonator has been developed before, no one has yet built one that integrates the resonator on chip with the computing core. Vaire’s team is hard at work on their first version of this chip. The simplest resonator to implement, and the one the team is tackling first, is an inductive-capacitive (LC) resonator, where the role of the capacitor is played by the whole circuit and an on-chip inductor serves to keep the voltage oscillating.

The chip Vaire plans to send for fabrication in early 2025 will be a reversible adder embedded in an LC resonator. The team is also working on a chip that will perform the multiply-accumulate operation, the basic computation in most machine learning applications. In the following years, Vaire plans to design the first reversible chip specialized for AI inference.

“Some of our early test chips might be lower-end systems, especially power-constrained environments, but not long after that, we’re addressing higher-end markets as well,” Frank says.

LC resonators are the most straightforward way to implement in CMOS, but they come with comparatively low quality factors, meaning the voltage pendulum will run with some friction. The Vaire team is also working on integrating a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) resonator version, which is much more difficult to integrate on chip but promises much higher quality factors (less friction). Earley expects a MEMS-based resonator to eventually provide 99.97 percent friction-free operation.

Along the way, the team is designing new reversible logic gate architectures and electronic-design-automation tools for reversible computation. “Most of our challenges will be, I think, in custom manufacturing and hetero-integration in order to combine efficient resonator circuits together with the logic in one integrated product,” Frank says.

Earley hopes that these are challenges the company will overcome. “In principle, this allows [us], over the next 10 to 15 years, to get to 4,000x improvement in performance,” she says. “Really it is going to be down to how good a resonator you can get.”

Reference: https://ift.tt/VC6TBbg

Build a Better DIY Seismometer




In September of 2023, I wrote in these pages about using a Raspberry Pi–based seismometer—a Raspberry Shake—to record earthquakes. But as time went by, I found the results disappointing. In retrospect, I realize that my creation was struggling to overcome a fundamental hurdle.

I live on the tectonically stable U.S. East Coast, so the only earthquakes I could hope to detect would be ones taking place far away. Unfortunately, the signals from distant quakes have relatively low vibrational frequencies, and the compact geophone sensor in a Raspberry Shake is meant for higher frequencies.

I had initially considered other sorts of DIY seismometers, and I was put off by how large and ungainly they were. But my disappointment with the Raspberry Shake drove me to construct a seismometer that represents a good compromise: It’s not so large (about 60 centimeters across), and its resonant frequency (about 0.2 Hertz) is low enough to make it better at sensing distant earthquakes.

My new design is for a horizontal-pendulum seismometer, which contains a pendulum that swings horizontally—or almost so, being inclined just a smidge. Think of a fence gate with its two hinges not quite aligned vertically. It has a stable position in the middle, but when it’s nudged, the restoring force is very weak, so the gate makes slow oscillations back and forth.

The backbone of my seismometer is a 60-cm-long aluminum extrusion. Or maybe I should call it the keel, as this seismometer also has what I would describe as a mast, another piece of aluminum extrusion about 25 cm long, attached to the end of the keel and sticking straight up. Beneath the mast and attached to the bottom of the keel is an aluminum cross piece, which prevents the seismometer from toppling over.

The pendulum—let’s call it a boom, to stick with my nautical analogies—is a 60-cm-long bar cut from 0.375-inch-square aluminum stock. At one end, I attached a 2-pound lead weight (one intended for a diving belt), using plastic cable ties.

To allow the boom to swing without undue friction, I drilled a hole in the unweighted end and inserted the carbide-steel tip of a scribing tool. That sharp tip rests against a shallow dimple in a small steel plate screwed to the mast. To support the boom, I used some shifter cable from a bicycle, attached by looping it through a couple of strategically drilled holes and then locking things down using metal sleeves crimped onto the ends of the cable.

Key components of the seismometer. Establishing the response of the seismometer to vibrations is the role of the end weight [top left] and dampening magnets [top right]. A magnet is also used with a Hall effect sensor [middle right] that is read by a microcontroller [middle left]. Data is stored on a logging board with a real-time clock [bottom]. James Provost

I fabricated a few other small physical bits, including leveling feet and a U-shaped bracket to prevent the boom from swinging too far from equilibrium. But the main challenges were how to sense earthquake-induced motions of the boom and how to prevent it from oscillating indefinitely.

Most DIY seismometers use a magnet and coil to sense motion as the moving magnet induces a current in the fixed coil. That’s a tricky proposition in a long-period seismometer, because the relative motion of the magnet is so slow that only very faint electrical signals are induced in the coil. One of the more sophisticated designs I saw online called for an LVDT (linear variable differential transformer), but such devices seem hard to come by. Instead, I adopted a strategy I hadn’t seen used in any other homebrewed seismometer: employing a Hall-effect magnetometer to sense position. All I needed was a small neodymium magnet attached to the boom and an inexpensive Hall-effect sensor board positioned beneath it. It worked just great.

I figured the immense excursions must reflect some sort of gross malfunction!

The final challenge was damping. Without that, the pendulum, once excited, would oscillate for too long. My initial solution was to attach to the boom an aluminum vane immersed in a viscous liquid (namely, oil). That worked, but I could just see the messy oil spills coming.

So I tacked in the other direction and built a magnetic damper, which works by having the aluminum vane pass through a strong magnetic field. This induces eddy currents in the vane that oppose its motion. To the eye, it looks like the metal is caught in a viscous liquid. The challenge here is making a nice strong magnetic field. For that, I collected all the neodymium magnets I had on hand, kludged together a U-shaped steel frame, and attached the magnets to the frame, mimicking a horseshoe magnet. This worked pretty well, although my seismometer is still somewhat underdamped.

Compared with the fussy mechanics, the electronics were a breeze to construct. I used a US $9 data-logging board that was designed to accept an Arduino Nano and that includes both a real-time clock chip and an SD card socket. This allowed me to record the digital output of the Hall sensor at 0.1-second intervals and store the time-stamped data on a microSD card.

A stack of four lines, each covering 15 minutes intervals. Oscillations can be seen at the end of the second trace and the start of the third. My homebrew seismometer recorded the trace of an earthquake occurring roughly 1,500 kilometers away, beginning at approximately 17:27 and ending at 17:37.James Provost

The first good test came on 10 November 2024, when a magnitude-6.8 earthquake struck just off the coast of Cuba. Consulting the global repository of shared Raspberry Shake data, I could see that units in Florida and South Carolina picked up that quake easily. But ones located farther north, including one close to where I live in North Carolina, did not.

Yet my horizontal-pendulum seismometer had no trouble registering that 6.8 earthquake. In fact, when I first looked at my data, I figured the immense excursions must reflect some sort of gross malfunction! But a comparison with the trace of a research-grade seismometer located nearby revealed that the waves arrived in my garage at the very same time. I could even make out a precursor 5.9 earthquake about an hour before the big one.

My new seismometer is not too big and awkward, as many long-period instruments are. Nor is it too small, which would make it less sensitive to far-off seismic signals. In my view, this Goldilocks design is just right.

Reference: https://ift.tt/7NLPfg0

Wednesday, January 1, 2025

9 Intriguing Engineering Feats for 2025




This story is part of our Top Tech 2025 special report.

Methane Measurements for the Masses


An icon of a molecule.

From high above us, satellites track devastating emissions of the greenhouse gases that will alter our climate. So far, their data has been private, shared only with companies or governments. MethaneSAT is changing that. Launched on 4 March 2024, it will pinpoint specific problem areas and track emissions of methane more broadly. Anyone will be able to access this data when the satellite is fully operational, in early 2025. Want a sneak peek? You can look right now at data from MethaneAIR, a research jet with the ability to gather about a quarter of the volume of data of MethaneSAT.


Cleaning Up Millions of Liters of Radioactive Waste


An icon with the nuclear symbol.

At the Hanford Site in eastern Washington, radioactive nuclear waste from the development of the first atomic bombs is currently leaking into soil and polluting the surrounding environment. Now a cleanup effort, decades in the making, is due to start trapping that waste by turning it into glass. This process, called vitrification, requires temperatures over 1,100 °C, about as hot as lava flowing from a volcano. Waste products are mixed with silica and other materials and heated in underground tanks to form molten glass, which is then poured into containment vessels to become solid glass. Currently, the Hanford Vit Plant is in the “cold commissioning” phase, where the facility is up and running but processing nonradioactive materials as a test. If all goes well, true cleanup will begin in 2025.


A Plane Anyone Can Fly


An illustration of a runway with skies and clouds.

On average, it takes 55 hours of in-the-air flight time to get a private pilot license in the United States, and that’s not even counting the weeks of training on the ground. Airhart Aeronautics wants you to be ready to fly a plane in just one hour. Their new personal aircraft, the Airhart Sling, is designed to be user-friendly, safe, and as easy to learn as possible. Using a single stick, pilots simply point in the direction they want to go and the plane follows, even during takeoffs and landings. The Sling’s computer system translates these controls into commands to the engine and flight systems. The first test flight is planned for 2025, with orders shipping to customers in 2026. At an initial price of US $500,000, however, it might be a while before just anyone can fly.


The Future of Farming


An illustration of plants and the sun.

Farmers in India are facing a financial crisis, magnified by debt, lengthy supply chains, and natural disasters. With small plots of about 20,000 square meters making up roughly 80 percent of India’s farms, it’s hard to find a solution that can reach every farmer. Enter Agri Stack. This database, designed by India’s Department of Agriculture and Farmer’s Welfare, will match farmers and their land with government agencies and other companies, helping farmers access money, knowledge, and early natural-disaster warnings. With a standardized protocol called the Unified Farmer Service Interface, agritech companies can design products that they know will be easily integrated into the overall system. By the start of 2025, the government aims to have 60 million farmers registered on its site, with that number growing as the year progresses.


A New Reusable Rocket Launcher


An illustration of a rocket.

SpaceX’s Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy are the only reusable rocket boosters in the world. But a new challenger is arriving: Rocket Lab’s Neutron. Launching in mid-2025, Neutron will be able to launch 13,000 kilograms to low earth orbit or 1,500 kg to Mars or Venus. It will have a reusable booster designed to reenter Earth’s atmosphere and land safely down at its launch site. To be competitive, Neutron is targeting a price of US $50 million per launch, slightly lower than Falcon 9’s $67 million price tag.


Profitable Robotaxis


An illustration of a pair of buses.

Robotaxis promise private, direct, and comfortable rides straight into the future. But amid safety concerns and slow scaling, no robotaxi companies have actually achieved a profit. Nevertheless, Chinese search giant Baidu expects its Apollo Go robotaxis to reach that milestone in 2025. The fleet of about 500 taxis is the largest in China and is expected to double in size with the addition of new taxis in Wuhan by the end of 2024. Baidu has already operated more than 7 million rides. According to the company, key to the service’s profitability is that the new sixth-generation vehicles cost only about US $28,000 to manufacture. Baidu plans to expand into Hong Kong, Singapore, and the Middle East.


30 Years of Java


An illustration of a computer with "30" on the screen.

2025 will be the 30th year of the second most popular programming language in the world, according to our latest Top Programming Languages breakdown. James Gosling released Java in May of 1995, focused on creating a programming language in which it was easy for different devices to communicate with one another. Instead of a typical compiler that translates code to run on a specific computer, Java compilers translate code to bytecode, which can be run on any computer possessing a Java virtual machine. Java virtual machines then decode bytecode into instructions for the device’s specific CPU. This is known colloquially as the “write once, run everywhere” principle, allowing Java to be used widely on the Internet and accessed by many different devices. Want to learn Java? It’s not too late to get started today!


More Memory for AI Machines


An illustration of stacked computer chips.

Generative AI needs huge amounts of fast and powerful memory to continue its skyrocketing accomplishments. High-bandwidth memory (HBM), a stack of DRAM dies connected vertically, is a key ingredient for the high-performance GPUs training today’s most powerful AIs. The next generation of high-bandwidth memory is HBM4, which is expected to stack up to 16 memory dies in one module. While its predecessor, HBM3E (the “E” is for “extended”), can technically have stacks up to 16, only stacks of up to 12 have been released. HBM4 will also have a 2,048-bit interface and transmit 1.5 terabytes per second, improving HBM3E’s bandwidth by 33 percent. DRAM makers are expected to begin manufacturing the first HBM4 devices in 2025.


A New Moore’s Law Machine


An icon of a multicolor star.

Industrial use of extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) lithography, the must-have tool for the most advanced computer chips, has been a thing for barely five years. But the chip industry already needs the next generation—high-numerical-aperture (NA) EUV. This technique increases the range of angles at which the system can manipulate light, leading to even finer resolution. The EUV tool maker ASML and the European research institute Imec have jointly created the first high-NA EUV photolithography lab. They expect chipmakers to use their work to begin mass manufacturing in 2025 or 2026.

Reference: https://ift.tt/F6Jw2UT

Remembering Former IEEE President Emerson Pugh




Emerson W. Pugh, 1989 IEEE president, died on 8 December at the age of 95.

The IEEE Fellow served as president of the IEEE Foundation from 2000 to 2004.

“Emerson Pugh was one of the very first IEEE volunteers I met when I joined the IEEE staff in 1997,” says Karen Galuchie, IEEE Foundation executive director. “I will be forever grateful to Emerson for the lessons he taught me, the passion with which he shared his time and talent with IEEE, and the role he played in creating the IEEE Foundation we know today.”

Pugh was an active member of the IEEE History Committee, serving as its chair in 1997. In 2009 he worked with the IEEE History Center to create the IEEE STARS (Significant Technological Achievement Recognition Selections) program, an online compendium of invited, peer-reviewed articles on the history of major developments in electrical and computer science and technology. The articles have been incorporated into the Engineering and Technology History Wiki.

“Emerson Pugh was the most influential volunteer during my more than 27-year tenure (so far),” says Michael Geselowitz, senior director of the IEEE History Center. “He was able to combine his three passions—engineering, IEEE, and history—by joining the IEEE History Committee.”

Pugh worked for 35 years at IBM, where he developed a number of memory technologies for early computer systems.

Innovative work at IBM

He received bachelor’s and doctoral degrees in physics from Carnegie Tech (now Carnegie Mellon) in 1951 and 1956. Following graduation, he joined the school as an assistant professor of physics. After a year of teaching, he left to join IBM, in Poughkeepsie, N.Y., as a researcher in the metal physics group. In 1958 he was promoted to manager of the group.

Pugh was a visiting scientist in 1961 and 1962 at IBM’s Zurich laboratory before relocating to the company’s Watson Research Center, in Yorktown Heights, N.Y. There he led the development of a thin magnetic film memory array used in the IBM System/360, a family of mainframe computer systems that debuted in 1964.

In 1965 he was named director of IBM’s operational memory group. Later he served as director of technical planning for the company’s research division. He also was a consultant to IBM’s research director.

He took a leave of absence in 1974 to lead a study by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences on motor vehicle emissions and fuel economy. He returned to the company the following year to research memory technologies. He developed bubble memory, a type of nonvolatile computer memory that uses a thin film of a magnetic material to hold small magnetized areas known as bubbles or domains. Each domain stores one bit of data, the smallest unit of digital information.

Beginning in the early 1980s, Pugh worked on IBM’s technical history project, authoring or coauthoring four books on the company and its technical developments.

He retired in 1993.

Decades of service

Pugh joined IEEE in the mid-1960s and was an active volunteer.

He served as 1973 president of the IEEE Magnetics Society. He was the editor of IEEE Transactions on Magnetics in 1968.

He was Division IV director and vice president of IEEE Technical Activities.

In 1989 he was elected IEEE president. During his term, he oversaw revisions to the IEEE Code of Ethics and the opening of the IEEE Operations Center, in Piscataway, N.J.

The IEEE History Center in 2019 established the Pugh Young Scholar in Residence internship, named after him and his wife, Elizabeth. Students studying the history of technology or engineering can become a research fellow at the center and receive a stipend of US $5,000.

Pugh was active in several other organizations. He served on the United Engineering board of trustees, for example, and he was a Fellow of the American Physical Society.

Among his recognitions were a 1992 IEEE-USA literary award, the 1991 IEEE Magnetics Society Achievement Award, and a 1990 Carnegie Mellon Alumni Association achievement award.

Reference: https://ift.tt/kEbo5p8

CES 2025 Preview: Needleless Injections, E-Skis, and More

This weekend, I’m on my way to Las Vegas to cover this year’s Consumer Electronics Show. I’ve scoured the CES schedule and lists of exhib...