<img src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/student-with-backpack-holding-a-map-before-entering-space-between-giant-circuit-boards.jpg?id=68389516&width=1245&height=700&coordinates=0%2C62%2C0%2C63"/><br/><br/><p>In mid-September, Anthropic CEO Dario Amodei joined a growing group of researchers calling for the AI industry to slow down. While <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2026/09/13/technology/silicon-valley-ai-slowdown.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">some have questioned these researchers’ motivation</a> for <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2026/09/09/technology/anthropic-researchers-raise-alarm.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">voicing concerns</a> about the rapid pace of development, the plea highlighted a key tension between safety and speed. The underlying problem is not simply a technical error, but a sociotechnical failure: Pressure to move quickly has made it hard for engineers to fully assess and manage new risks of increasingly powerful AI systems. It is a clear warning that responsible engineering requires more than technical expertise; engineers must also understand workplace pressures, moral and ethical rules, and the social consequences rooted in the systems they create.</p><p>Cases like this, alongside invasive <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/unintended-consequences-video-surveillance">surveillance technologies</a> and <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/untold-history-of-ai-the-birth-of-machine-bias">biased AI tools</a>, have exposed serious shortcomings in how engineers recognize and address the ethical and social implications of their work. While the need to educate graduates in ethics and social responsibility is widely recognized, a persistent gap remains—these topics are too often treated as afterthoughts, disconnected from the technical content of engineering coursework. This siloed approach leaves graduates ill-equipped to address real-world challenges; indeed, only about a third of engineering professionals in the United States <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jee.20590" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">report having received training on their public welfare responsibilities</a> during their formal engineering education.</p><p>We are working to bridge this gap by designing two complementary instructional approaches, one that integrates social issues directly into foundation technical coursework and a second that prepares students to act as “public welfare watchdogs” through a standalone engineering course. By embedding ethics and social responsibility training directly into the core of undergraduate engineering coursework, we equip future professionals with the agency they will need to protect the public good.</p><h2>The gap in instruction about ethics and social responsibility</h2><p>Across the engineering profession, there is a persistent belief that technical skill-building is central to engineering, while ethical, social, and public welfare concerns are peripheral or distracting. <span>This </span><a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/285764" target="_blank">technical/social dualism</a><span> is evident even in the evaluation of scholarly research. For instance, we recently submitted an academic position paper discussing this ethics education gap to a leading peer-reviewed engineering journal. It was dismissed by reviewers along the very same dualism it described. </span></p><p>One reviewer warned that it would be “highly irresponsible” to challenge technical skill-building as “the foundation of any kind of engineering” by adding ethics and social responsibility training into engineering classrooms. Another reviewer objected that integrating these considerations into foundational courses risks “distracting the students from fully absorbing the technology.” These comments miss the core argument of our work: that ethics and social responsibility are integral to responsible <em><em>technical</em></em> practice.</p><p>Today, accreditation agencies like <a href="https://www.abet.org/" target="_blank">ABET</a> (formerly known as the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology) and professional licensing bodies like the <a href="https://www.nspe.org/" target="_blank">National Society of Professional Engineers</a> mandate student outcomes related to social and public welfare consequences. But these curriculum requirements tend to be unhelpfully generic and minimally enforced. As a result, engineering students often receive ethics instruction through introductory or non-engineering coursework, where the focus is on codes of conduct and academic integrity, rather than deeper topics of social responsibility. This instruction is almost always disconnected from the complex real-world dilemmas engineers face. </p><p>Indeed, we find that only ethics instruction in actual engineering courses (not in other parts of the curriculum) can effectively instill ethical awareness as professionals. Concerningly, only about 4 in 10 engineers in the United States recall receiving this kind of training, and 3 in 10 <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jee.20590" target="_blank">report never receiving training on their public welfare responsibilities</a> at any point in their careers. This leaves most of the profession underprepared to handle the complex challenges of engineering practice.</p><h2>A new approach: Integrating technical and social dimensions</h2><p>To advance a new paradigm—one that embeds ethics and social responsibility issues within the undergraduate engineering curriculum—we’ve designed two innovative course-based approaches: a library of one-hour <span>sociotechnical modules for foundational circuits courses </span><span>(described <a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11328324" target="_blank">here</a> and <a href="https://arrow.tudublin.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1071&context=sefi2023_prapap" target="_blank">here</a>)</span> and a <a href="https://peer.asee.org/learning-to-be-public-welfare-watchdogs-a-master-s-level-course-to-enhance-engineers-recognition-of-and-responsiveness-to-their-public-welfare-responsibilities" target="_blank">new engineering course</a> dedicated to public welfare responsibilities.</p><p>The first approach integrates discussions about relevant social issues directly into foundational engineering courses, where students begin to form their identities as engineers. “Introduction to Circuits” is typically the first course in the electrical engineering major and is a requirement for many other engineering disciplines, making it a powerful site for introducing social content and ethical reasoning. We designed several one-hour modules for this course, where social issues provide context for a technical topic, offering a manageable entry point for faculty who may feel ill-prepared to teach about ethics and social responsibility.</p><p>While many engineering faculty recognize the importance of teaching students about these topics, they struggle to integrate them into their courses amid heavy teaching and research demands. To overcome these challenges, each module provides ready-to-use materials, including lecture slides with scripts and homework and exam problems. Integrating these modules directly into the course signals to students that sociotechnical awareness is not an “add-on,” but a required professional competency.</p><p>Our module on hospital power prioritization, for instance, connects the technical topics of power and equivalent circuits to the ethical challenges of healthcare infrastructure. Students learn about the reality of <a href="https://www.slashgear.com/1890596/hospitals-red-outlets-use-explained-what-for/">“red outlets” in medical settings</a>, debating the power needs of specific wards (e.g., the intensive care unit, operating rooms, and physiotherapy rooms) to decide which branches should receive emergency power during a hypothetical outage.</p><p>Our conflict minerals module connects the technical topic of capacitors to the global tantalum supply chain. Students calculate the amount of tantalum used in cell phones and identify mining locations in regions like the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where revenue often fuels armed conflict and human rights abuses. Students research the <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/whats-holding-up-conflict-mineral-rules-">conflict-mineral policies</a> of major companies such as Apple and Samsung and reflect on their future roles as ethical designers and consumers.</p><p><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/15/9/1243" target="_blank">Student responses to these modules</a> have been overwhelmingly positive. In interviews, students told us that the content helped them get away from the “stigma that engineers only worry about math” and made the work more meaningful. We plan to share the modules widely to help circuits instructors across the globe bridge the technical-social divide.</p><p>Beyond these integrated modules, our second approach is a standalone engineering course—Public Welfare Responsibilities in Engineering (PWRE)—that helps round out students’ sociotechnical education by preparing them to fulfil their professional obligations as engineers. While most dedicated ethics courses end by introducing engineers’ abstract responsibilities, PWRE helps students recognize specific public welfare concerns, enhances their motivation to act when they encounter them, and teaches concrete, practical intervention strategies.</p><p>In addition to teaching students about professional codes, such as the <a href="https://www.ieee.org/about/corporate/governance/p7-8" target="_blank">IEEE Code of Ethics</a>, PWRE engages students in discussion of where these formal definitions may fall short, and how structural barriers such as workplace culture can hinder engineers from fulfilling these responsibilities. Then, the course equips students with intervention strategies. Students learn about their rights and responsibilities as whistleblowers, review tactics for seeking advice from professional societies, and practice writing <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/opinion/">op-eds</a> to raise the alarm about ethical issues to the broader public. Our research shows that the course produces notable shifts in students’ ethical agency, strengthening their ability to serve as “public welfare watchdogs” in the modern workplace.</p><h2>Ethical engineers for the future</h2><p>Today’s engineering graduates face complex sociotechnical challenges beyond AI expansion, including climate change and global supply chains; they need tools to navigate ambiguity and act ethically in uncertain contexts. To meet these evolving demands, engineering education must move beyond outdated modes of instruction that focus only on building technical skills—some of which may soon be outsourced to AI. We must fundamentally reimagine the role of ethics and social responsibility, embedding them across the engineering curriculum and throughout the professional formation of engineers.</p><p>All engineers learn to solve problems, but ethical engineers can also discern which problems are worth solving and anticipate the consequences of innovation for society. By centering ethics and social responsibility as core priorities of the profession, we can prepare engineers to be stewards of technology and trusted voices in public discourse.</p><p>As one student reflected after participating in our modules, “we are a part of the issue if we don’t decide to fix it.”</p>
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